NCCC_OLD084: Potato Breeding and Genetics Technical Committee (NCR-84)
Annual/Termination Reports (SAES-422): [05/16/2005] [05/16/2005] [05/16/2005] [06/16/2005] [02/02/2006] [02/06/2007]
Date of Annual Report: 05/16/2005
Report Information:
Participants:
Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting:
URL: Copy of minutes
Accomplishments:
Impact Statements:
Date of Annual Report: 05/16/2005
Report Information:
Participants:
Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting:
URL: Copy of minutes
Accomplishments:
Impact Statements:
Date of Annual Report: 05/16/2005
Report Information:
Participants:
Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting:
URL: Copy of minutes
Accomplishments:
Impact Statements:
Date of Annual Report: 06/16/2005
Report Information:
Participants:
- Bae, JinJoo, jabe@wisc.edu, University of Wisconsin-Madison
- Bamberg, John, nr6jb@ars-grin.gov, University of Wisconsin-Madison
- Bizimungu, Benoit, BBizimungu@agr.gc.ca, Agriculture Canada
- Bowen, Bryan, bdbowen@wisc.edu, University of Wisconsin-Madison
- Busse, James, jsbusse@wisc.edu, University of Wisconsin-Madison
- Chen, Qin, chenqi@agr.gc.ca, Agriculture Canada
- Coombs, Joe, coombs@msu.edu, Michigan State University
- Cooper, Susannah, coopers2@msu.edu, Michigan State University
- Crowell, Elizabeth, crowel10@msu.edu, Michigan State University
- Del Rio, Alfonso, adelrioo@wisc.edu, University of Wisconsin-Madison
- Dinu, Ioana, dinu0003@msu.edu, University of Minnesota
- Douches, Dave, douchesd@msu.edu, Michigan State University
- Driscoll, Jarred, drisco30@msu.edu, Michigan State University
- Estelle, Jay, estellee@msu.edu, Michigan State University
- Farnsworth, Bryce, bryce.farnsworth@ndsu.edu, North Dakota State University
- Fernandez, Charles, cjfern@itol.com, Fisher, David, dfisher@mum.edu, Maharashi University of Management
- Hamernik, Andy, hamernik@wisc.edu, University of Wisconsin-Madison
- Hoopes, Bob, robert.hoopes@fritolay.com, Frito Lay, Inc.
- Jansky, Shelley, shjansky@wisc.edu, University of Wisconsin-Madison
- Kuhl, Joe, kuhlj@msu.edu, Michigan State University
- Lemme, Gary, lemme@msu.edu, Michigan State University
- Martin, Max, mwmarti1@wisc.edu, USDA/ARS, University of Wisconsin-Madison
- Palta, Jiwan, jppalta@wisc.edu, University of Wisconsin-Madison
- Rouse, Doug, dir@plantpath.wisc.edu, University of Wisconsin-Madison
- Spychalla, James, potatoes@newnorth.net, Spychalla Farms, WI
- Thill, Christian, Thill005@umn.edu, University of Minnesota
- Thompson, Susie, asunta.thompson@ndsu.edu, North Dakota State University
Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting:
Summary of Minutes The 35th annual meeting of NCR-84 was held at the Best Western OHare in Rosemont, Illinois, on February 7-8, 2005. Dr. Asunta Thompson chaired the meeting.Dr. Thompson called the meeting to order at 1:00 p.m. by welcoming participants and asking attendants to introduce themselves. A motion was made by Jansky and seconded by Douches to accept the minutes from the 2004 meeting.
Gary Lemme (administrative advisor) indicated that the organization can no longer by designated as an NCR group. The group must decide whether it should be designated a Coordinating Committee or an Education/Extension Research Activity. NCR-84 has been approved through September 30, 2007. A renewal application must be submitted during the fall of 2006. A new administrative advisor will be assigned to the group during the fall of 2005.
Shelley Jansky announced a position opening at the USDA in Madison for a potato storage physiologist.
David Douches, Technical Representative for the NRSP-6 (U.S. Potato Genebank), indicated that discussions are underway regarding the mechanism of funding for the genebank. The North Central region needs to submit a report indicating how NRSP-6 is being utilized by breeders. John Bamberg indicated that, during the period 2006-2010, a 5% budget cut is scheduled for each year. Christian Thill indicated that breeders should be informed of the annual NRSP-6 meeting so they can attend if interested. David Douches indicated that breeders should send him information about utilization of NRSP-6 germplasm so he can include it in the report.
The North Central Potato Variety Trial Report was handed out. Twenty-three clones were evaluated from Wisconsin, Minnesota, Michigan, North Dakota, the USDA-Madison, Wisconsin, and Agriculture Canada. The clones were planted in four replicates of 20-hill plots at each site.
Reports were presented from individual states (see Abbreviated State Reports of NCR-84 Committee ).
A motion was made by Christian Thill and seconded by David Douches to consider the group to be a coordinating committee. The motion passed unanimously.
David Douches and Christian Thill agreed to be responsible for the renewal application.
A motion was made by David Douches and seconded by Christian Thill to elect Jiwan Palta (UW-Madison) to become NCR-84 secretary. The motion passed unanimously. The site for the 2005 NRC-84 annual meeting and date will be chosen by the chair.
The officers for 2006 are as follows: Chair David Spooner, USDA/ARS, University of Wisconsin-Madison Vice-Chair Shelley Jansky, USDA/ARS, University of Wisconsin-Madison Secretary Jiwan Palta, University of Wisconsin-Madison Abbreviated State Reports of NCR-84 Committee
Dr. Jiwan Palta, Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin-Madison The Wisconsin potato breeding program consists of Dr. Jiwan Palta, Dr. Jiming Jiang, and Mr. Bryan Bowen. Dr. Palta described his efforts to develop cultivars with improved calcium accumulation in the tubers. Calcium levels are low in existing cultivars and quality increases as calcium levels increase. Improvements are resulting from exploiting existing variation in cultivars and from utilization of wild Solanum species with high calcium levels. Dr. Jiangs research continues to focus on fighting late blight using the RB gene from Solanum bulbocastanum. Efforts are being made to deploy the gene into cultivars and use marker-assisted selection to identify clones carrying the gene. Mr. Bowen reported on the status of the Wisconsin breeding program. Dr. Palta will be taking over the program as Dr. Jiang phases out of the program by the end of 2006. A replacement for Horia Groza, who retired in 2004, will be hired during the spring of 2005. In 2004, the breeding program planted 70,000 single hills in the field. Approximately 33% of those tubers came from exchanges with other breeders. Two promising selections currently under evaluation include the russet clone W2683-2Rus and the red clone W2799-1R. The Spud Pro program is being used to kick start the commercialization process when superior clones are identified.
Dr. Douglas Rouse, Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison. Dr. Doug Rouse reported that the organic variety research project is beginning its third year. In 2004, 332 cultivars and breeding clones were planted in three 10-hill replications on two certified organic farms in Wisconsin. Alaska Redeye had the highest marketable yield of approximately 300 cwt. No russets were among the highest-yielding clones. There is some concern about how the varieties obtained for this project will be maintained after the project is terminated.
Dr. Benoit Bizimungu, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. Dr. Bizimungu has replaced Dr. Dermot Lynch, who has retired. In 2004, PSTV was identified in some tuber materials sent to Canada for the North Central yield trial, so the trial plots were destroyed and no data were obtained. The breeding program mirrors industry in the proportions of effort it puts into different market classes. Seventy percent of the clones it generates are for French fries, 20% for chipping and 10% for fresh market.
Dr. Qin Chen, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. Dr.Chen is using protoplast fusion of access S. pinnatisectum as a source of late blight and Colorado potato beetle resistance. High levels of resistance have been identified in the hybrids and they are beginning to flower, but they have not been used successfully in crosses yet.
Dr. David Fisher, Department of Life Sciences, Maharashi University of Management. Dr. Fisher is using recurrent selection to develop clones with horizontal resistance to Colorado potato beetle. In 2004, many seedlings were destroyed before they could be evaluated, presumably due to small mammal damage.
Dr. David Douches, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Michigan State University. Dr. David Douches announced that the Michigan and Maine potato breeding programs will soon be jointly releasing a chipping clone named Beacon Chipper. Joe Coombs indicated that a major focus of the Michigan program is late blight resistance. Cultivars and breeding clones are being transformed with the RB gene. Transformants containing the gene range from susceptible to resistant. Efforts are also focusing on developing transgenics without selectable markers. Joe Kuhl is also looking at RB transformants. Some transformed lines have lost the RB gene. Other lines contain the RB gene, but are susceptible. In one line, the gene is not being expressed. In another line, it is expressed so he is working to determine why the line is susceptible. Elizabeth Crowell reported on her work to obtain marker-free transgenic potatoes. A two-vector system is being used one vector contains the marker gene, the other contains the gene of interest. Transgenics should segregate for the marker gene and the gene of interest, so it should be possible to select progeny with the gene of interest, but not the marker gene. Elizabeth also discussed a project that is being initiated to improve vitamin E levels in potato by increasing levels of the precursor tocopherols. Susannah Cooper is studying the insecticidal activity of avidin against Colorado potato beetle larvae. Avidin functions as an insecticide, but can not be effectively applied as one. Transgenics with the avidin gene reduce the growth rate of larvae in detached leaf assays.
Dr. Christian Thill, Department of Horticultural Science, University of Minnesota. Dr. Christian Thill indicated that his breeding program emphasizes early generation selection for biotic and abiotic stress resistance. In his program, he collects all tubers of single hill selections so some tubers can be used for evaluations. Clones are selected for market limiting factors before early generation selection is imposed for other traits. Asymptomatic PVY clones are a major problem in the Minnesota seed certification program. One research project is attempting to determine the genetic basis of the asymptomatic PVY trait. Another research focus is early generation selection for resistance to cold sweetening. Dr.Thills program has determined that a breeder has a better chance of identifying a cold chipper tubers are pre-conditioned at harvest instead being put directly into cold storage. Dr. Thill is initiating a participatory plant breeding project. He lets local organic growers walk the single hill plots after he has finished selection. The growers are allowed to pick up any hills that were left behind. Ioana Dinu discussed her work with triploid and diploid S. verrucosum x S. pinnatisectum hybrids. Trivalents were observed in triploids and up to 12 bivalents were observed in diploids, indicating that recombination occurs between the two genomes. The hybrids exhibit cytoplasmic genetic male sterility.
Dr. Susie Thompson, Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University. Dr. Susie Thompson discussed the North Dakota State University potato breeding program. It focuses on resistance to late blight, Colorado potato beetle, green peach aphids, cold sweetening, and sugar ends. In 2004, the program evaluated 79,937 single hills from NDSU and 17,411 from other programs. In 2004, the program released Dakota Jewel. The variety has good skin set, so storage quality is good. Bryce Farnsworth discussed efforts to identify Colorado potato beetle resistance. Resistance has been found in clones containing S. vernei, S. tuberosum gp. Andigena , S. polytrichon, S. etuberosum, and S. chacoense. Efforts to incorporate multiple resistance mechanisms and sources to the pest are underway.
Dr. Shelley Jansky, Department of Horticulture, USDA, ARS; University of Wisconsin-Madison. Dr. Shelley Jansky introduced her new germplasm enhancement program. Haploid extraction will be used to study the inheritance of resistance to common scab, early blight, and cold sweetening. Selected haploids will be crossed with resistant diploid wild species to develop adapted clones with high levels of resistance. Another new area of research is evaluation of flavor in cultivated and wild potatoes using sensory evaluations and biochemical assays.
Ken Frost recently completed his Masters degree. His project determined that resistance to Verticillium wilt can be transferred from diploids to tetraploids following 4x x 2x crosses. He also evaluated methods for identifying Verticillium wilt resistance in segregating populations. Jin-Joo Bae reported on her work to carry out early generation selection for Verticillium wilt resistance. One field season has been completed and clones have been identified with apparent resistance. A second field season with larger replicated trials will determine whether selection was effective.
Dr. John Bamberg, USDA, ARS; NRSP-6 Potato Genebank, Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin-Madison. Dr. John Bamberg reported that a collection trip in the Southwest U. S. identified several new populations of S. fendleri. Comparison of these accessions with those already in the gene bank will help to determine whether more collecting should be done. Dr. Bamberg is evaluating tuber acidity in the mini-core collection. Variation has been found among species. The most acidic species are S. polytrichon, S. pinnatisectum, and S. papita, while the least acidic were cultivated clones, S. verrucosum, and S. okadae. The inheritance of the crazy sepal mutant in S. microdontum is being evaluated. This is a floral developmental mutant that results in complete sterility. Additional studies include ecogeographic associations with genetic diversity, disease resistance in S. fendleri and S. jamesii, and the use of fields in Hawaii to generate tubers of wild species.
URL: Copy of minutes
Accomplishments:
Accomplishments This research emphasizes the development and evaluation of potato cultivars and germplasm with improved yield, quality, and disease resistance. Regionally, 420,000 new hybrid seedlings were evaluated. Collectively, this is the greatest number of seedling evaluated in the US; not only are large seedling populations evaluated, but several thousand of cross combinations. Therefore, this affords us a greater opportunity to produce superior cultivars by evaluating a diversity of germplasm.Boulder, Tablestock and chip-processing with excellent quality attractive large white skin and tubers; Dakota Jewel, Tablestock with early maturity, medium yields good culinary quality; Freedom Russet, Dual purpose exceeding Russet Burbank in US#1 yield, with resistance to scab, Verticillium and early blight; Jacqueline Lee, Tablestock selection with smooth, attractive appearance that has foliar resistance to the US8 genotype of late blight; Liberator, Chip-processing from 5ºC with strong scab resistance; Megachip, Chipping with early tuber bulking and resistant to scab and has good chip color from 5ºC storage; Michigan Purple, Tablestock with excellent quality attractive purple skin and white for the fresh market; Millennium Russet, Dual purpose russet with superior tuber appearance good specific gravity and superior fry quality after 45ºF storage. It is medium resistant to scab, PVY and early blight; MSG227-2, Chip-processing with cold-storage potential and scab resistance; MSJ461-1, Chip-processing with strong foliar resistance to late blight; MN 15620, Processing clone with yellow flesh and resistance to PVY and PLRV; MN 18747, Processing clone better than Shepody with white skin and flesh, early maturity and expresses normal symptoms of PVY and PLRV infection unlike Shepody; ND2470-27, Chipping and fresh with round, smooth tubers and white skin, white flesh and shallow eyes that chips from 5ºC; ND5822C-7, Chipping from 5ºC with high yields round, smooth tubers with bright white skin and flesh, and CPB field tolerance; White Pearl, Chipping with resistance to cold sweetening at 5ºC; Villetta Rose, Tablestock red with very uniform tubers with stable dark red color and great appearance with shallow eyes and excellent organoleptic traits for canning;
Late blight: EGS for late blight resistance evaluating new hybrid progeny as transplants or seedling tubers shows merit and can accelerate EGS for LB resistance by 2 years. In Michigan, EGS evaluation of foliar late blight reaction increases the efficiency of early generation by allowing the breeder to quickly remove susceptible clones before further time and resources are invested. WI used S. demissum, S. stoloniferum, S. tuberosum ssp. Andigena, and potato-S. bulbocastanum somatic hybrids for LB resistance.
Fungicide x variety interactions: Experiments were carried out in MI to evaluate combining host resistance with reduced rates and frequencies of fungicide fluazinam to control foliar potato late blight. The study demonstrates that potato cvs./ABL with reduced susceptibility to late blight can be managed with reduced fungicide rates and longer application intervals, thus offering a less expensive option for potato late blight control.
Verticillium wilt and early dying: Verticillium wilt screening can involve several methods; one being sap assay. High within-plant stem-to-stem variation results using this method Knowledge of the seasonal colonization dynamics is needed to better understand the relationships that occur between stem colonization and disease progression. Resistant germplasm was identified to use in breeding programs. In MI, Potato Early-Die Disease Complex (PED) was studied on 24 lines. MSH095-4, FL1879 and W1201 exhibited significant tolerance.
Common Scab: A national study indicated that resistance response of clones varies considerably over environments and evaluation at multiple sites is important for identifying clones with stable disease phenotypes. EGS evaluation was initiated at MI and WI and includes field and lab-based assays. Hybrid seedlings evaluated increases annually and EGS coupled with cultural practices resulted in about 20% of the WI lines showing very good resistance.
Colorado potato beetle: Insecticide resistance to imidacloprid, appeared for the first time in the Midwest; increasing the likelihood of widespread insecticide failures in future. EGS evaluation of foliar resistance to CPB was conducted throughout the region. MI continues traditionally bred and genetically engineered resistant to CPB. Defoliation was near zero and no CPB larvae survived in field cage studies on lines engineered with Cry3A Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) as a resistance factor. Lines with Cry1IA1 Bt, bred for resistance to potato tuberworm, reduced defoliation by CPB by >50%. avidin as a resistance factor decreased CPB feeding. Traditionally bred lines showed moderate levels of resistance.
Viruses and Aphids: Host resistance for PVY revealed the highly heritable nature of PVY asymptomatic (ASM) expression, the existence of ASM gene(s) in both 2x and 4x potatoes, and ability to transmit these gene(s) by n and 2n gametes. PLRV resistance was found in 16 families. Significant location differences emphasized the inability to select for PLRV resistance without a post-harvest storage interval. Studying aphid behavior is critical to decreasing agro-chemical use promoting sustainable farming. Results have facilitated reduced insecticidal use by site-specific application, new knowledge on the epidemiology of potato viruses and expanded host range of green peach aphid to soybean, and geographical/environmental/meteorological influence on aphid population dispersal. MN has identified 20 clones that consistently express field resistance to PVY and PLRV; PVY resistance protect against all PVY strains known to occur in Minnesota (PVYO, PVYN, PVYNTN, and PVY O:N recombinants). Of the 20 PVY and PLRV resistant lines, one (designated JAD24) has shown resistance to both green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) and potato aphid (Macrosiphum euphorbiae). Line JAD24 was identified as containing both Ryadg and Rysto as well as PLRV.1, a marker for PLRV resistance. JAD24 lacks the Mi gene from Lycopersicon esculentum but contains markers for Potato virus S and Globodera pallida resistance. JAD24 has been crossed with cv. Chieftain to produce an F1 population, designated HPR, and 100 of 300 seeds have been grown out.
Bacterial ring rot: Foliar symptoms of BRR, were present in all 23 inoculated selections by 90 DAP, except MI selection JACQUELINE LEE, which failed to display characteristic foliar symptoms of BRR. Remaining selections exhibited characteristic tuber and foliar symptoms.
Cold sweetening resistance: The inheritance and predictability of two biological markers to identify clones with potential to resist cold sweetening (CS) by evaluating A-I and/or A-II isozymes of UGPase established that based on the correlation of chip color score with isozyme profiles and BAcInv activity, the families could be grouped into the following four distinct classes. The primary factor predicting resistance was the level of BAcInv activity. In EGS the optimum sample size of one slice from one tuber reduces type I errors, discarding clones that should be retained. EGS for CS resistance resulted in greatest genetic gain from 4x-4x crosses; but, significant improvement for CC coupled with disease resistance was from 2x potato species. Two species, S. raphanifolium and S. sparsipilum, had CC ability and late blight resistance; 232 clones were selected from these species crosses.
Cultural management and N utilization: MI determined variety response to four nitrogen levels at moderate-high plant densities. Variety determined yield and tuber quality response showed highly significant interactions with nitrogen and density. Consistently low yields resulted from application of slow-release fertilizer at the 180 lb N/acre, however this was the most environmentally-friendly treatment associated with the lowest level of residual nitrate-N in the soil profile after harvest. The poultry manure + fertilizer treatment was the best economic option in terms of optimizing both yield and reduced soil profile nitrate-N. The highest yield response of chipping genotypes was from UEC and MSJ461-1; tablestock genotype Michigan Purple showed high yield potential across all management regimes evaluated. Overall, clones differed in N response and less N will be recommended in production practices.
Twenty-four novel sexual diploid and triploid inter-series hybrids were generated from wild species crosses by using post-pollination applications of auxin and embryo rescue in vitro representing the first step in overcoming post-zygotic reproductive barriers among isolated species. Transgenic approaches offer breeders opportunity to combine novel traits or resistance mechanisms that may not be possible through conventional approaches. MI has obtained the RB gene from Dr. Jiang and transformations introduced this gene in susceptible and resistant lines for LB resistance. Along with these transformations, we are exploring transformation strategies to create marker-free transgenic plants.
Impact Statements:
- The four potato breeding programs in the North Central US develop cultivars for the range of climatic and soil conditions within the region. These research programs have developed 5 of the 10 leading cultivars grown in the US. New cultivars, coupled with appropriate disease management strategies and enhanced market quality traits, have helped to improve the regions status and importance to the chip-processing, frozen-processing, and tablestock market segments.
- Research to minimize pesticide use, efficient utilization of fertilizer and water inputs, protection of water resources, and maintenance or improvement of potato quality will improve the economics of regional potato production.
- New releases must meet or exceed the current standards, particularly for chip and frozen processing, and possess host plant resistance to Colorado potato beetle and diseases such as late blight, common scab, Verticillium, silver scurf and various storage rots. This project addresses host plant resistance for control of both insects and diseases, such that pest control costs can be significantly reduced, production management strategies may be simplified, and environmental benefits realized.
- For the processing market (chip and frozen French fries), cultivars resistant to the accumulation of sugars when stored at cold temperatures (38-42ºF) are being accomplished to extended storage capabilities and reduce storage losses.
- Improvement of potato through breeding is challenged by tetrasomic inheritance and asexual propagation. The development of breeding principles and practices are quite different than the majority of crop plants that are diploid and seed propagated. This project expands the genetic base of the cultivated potato by incorporating wild potato species in breeding and employing novel breeding techniques to move these species genetic variation into the cultivated gene pool.
- Important advances in potato genetics have emerged from this region. Notable efforts include development of breeding strategies enabling the utilization of the genetic diversity available in the Solanum species, germplasm collection, systematics, genetic mapping of important traits, integration of transgenic approaches in genetic improvement, and genetic understanding of numerous resistance and quality traits of potato; i.e., late blight, Verticillium, Erwinia soft rot, CPB, and cold resistance.
Date of Annual Report: 02/02/2006
Report Information:
Participants:
- Bamberg, John USDA/ARS/USPG Nr6jb@ars-grin.gov
- Bizimungu, Benoit AAFE Lethridge, AB bbizimungu@abr.gc.ca
- Brewer, Bill Oregon Potato Commission brewer@oregonspuds.com
- Cochran, Leah US Potato Board lcochran@uspotatoes.com
- Coombs, Joseph Michigan State University coombs@msu.edu
- Currie, Vanessa University of Guelph vcurrie@uoguelph.ca
- DeJong, Walter Cornell University Wsd2@cornells.edu
- Douches, Dave Michigan State University douchesd@msu.edu
- Estelle, Jay Michigan State University estellee@msu.edu
- Gagnon, Andre Propor Inc. Gag.andre@globetrotter.net
- Iott, Dennis Iott Seed Farms Michigan iottseed@voyager.net
- Jansky, Shelley USDA, ARS, Madison, WI shjansky@wisc.edu
- Joyce, Peter US Potato Board Peter.joyce@sbcglobal.net
- Kudwa, Ben Michigan Potato Ind Comm ben@mipotato.com
- Larson, Jerry Larson Farms jjlarson@rrv.net
- Marquardt, Steven ND State Seed Dept smarquardt@state-seed.ndsu.nodak.edu
- Michaels, Tom University of Minnesota Michaels@umn.edu
- Miller, Jeff University of Minnesota Mille603@umn.edu
- Navarro, Felix University of Wisconsin fmnavarro@wisc.edu
- Schrage, Willem MN Dept of Ag Willem.schrage@state.mn.us
- Spooner, David USDA/ARS, Madison, WI
- dspooner@wisc.edu
- Thill, Christian University of Minnesota Thill005@umn.edu
- Thompson, Susie North Dakota State University Asunta.thompson@ndsu.edu
Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting:
The 36th annual meeting of the NCCC84 at the Hyatt Regency Hotel in Dearborn, Michigan on December 10-11, 2005. Dr. David Spooner chaired the meeting on December 10 and Dr. Shelley Jansky chaired it on December 11.David Spooner called the meeting to order at 1:00 p.m. Attendees introduced themselves.
Christian Thill led a discussion about the regional trials. The importance of developing a standardized scoring system was discussed. Thompson/Jansky made a motion to develop coordinated scoring scales for the North Central Regional trials. The motion passed.
Tom Michaels introduced himself. He indicated that it is important to determine where innovations are likely to be accepted in potato breeding efforts. In addition, he mentioned that each breeding program must have both uniqueness and collaborative ties with other programs.
Vanessa Currie from the University of Guelph discussed her dryland trials. In addition, she mentioned that she has discovered variety trial data sheets from 1885-1899.
Susie Thompson discussed new releases from North Dakota State University.
Ben Kudwa indicated that potato breeders and the US Potato Board must communicate with each other to try to stimulate demand.
David Spooner announced the 90th Annual Meeting of the Potato Association of America, jointly meeting with the VI International Solanaceae Conference and the Solanaceae Genomics Network in Madison, Wisconsin, on July 23-27, 2006.
Reports were presented from individual states (see Abbreviated State Reports of the NCCC84 Committee ).
Benoit Bizimungu was nominated and unanimously elected to serve as secretary for the 2006 meeting. The officers for 2006 are: Chair Shelley Jansky, USDA/ARS, Madison, Wisconsin Vice-chair Jiwan Palta, Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin Secretary - Benoit Bizimungu, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta
Participants would like to commend David Douches, Christian Thill, and Ben Kudwa for encouraging industry representatives to attend the meeting.
Participants commend the speakers at the National Potato Council Potato Industry Outlook Summit and Seed Seminar, held prior to this meeting.
The next meeting will be held in Chicago, Illinois, immediately prior to the National Potato Council Meeting.
Accomplishments:
Accomplishments This research emphasizes the development and evaluation of potato cultivars and germplasm with improved yield, quality, and disease resistance. In the North Central region in 2005, over 400,000 new hybrid seedlings were evaluated. These seedlings represent thousands of unique families. The evaluation of large numbers of seedlings increases opportunities for identifying superior clones for variety development.Boulder, Tablestock and chip-processing with excellent quality attractive large white skin and tubers; Dakota Jewel, Tablestock with early maturity, medium yields good culinary quality; Freedom Russet, Dual purpose exceeding Russet Burbank in US#1 yield, with resistance to scab, Verticillium and early blight; Jacqueline Lee, Tablestock selection with smooth, attractive appearance that has foliar resistance to the US8 genotype of late blight; Liberator, Chip-processing from 5ºC with strong scab resistance; Megachip, Chipping with early tuber bulking and resistant to scab and has good chip color from 5ºC storage; Michigan Purple, Tablestock with excellent quality attractive purple skin and white for the fresh market; Millennium Russet, Dual purpose russet with superior tuber appearance good specific gravity and superior fry quality after 45ºF storage. It is medium resistant to scab, PVY and early blight; MSG227-2, Chip-processing with cold-storage potential and scab resistance; MSJ461-1, Chip-processing with strong foliar resistance to late blight; MN 15620, Processing clone with yellow flesh and resistance to PVY and PLRV; MN 18747, Processing clone better than Shepody with white skin and flesh, early maturity and expresses normal symptoms of PVY and PLRV infection unlike Shepody; ND2470-27, Chipping and fresh with round, smooth tubers and white skin, white flesh and shallow eyes that chips from 5ºC; ND5822C-7, Chipping from 5ºC with high yields round, smooth tubers with bright white skin and flesh, and CPB field tolerance; White Pearl, Chipping with resistance to cold sweetening at 5ºC; Villetta Rose, Tablestock red with very uniform tubers with stable dark red color and great appearance with shallow eyes and excellent organoleptic traits for canning;
Late blight: EGS for late blight resistance evaluating new hybrid progeny as transplants or seedling tubers shows merit and can accelerate EGS for LB resistance by 2 years. In Michigan, EGS evaluation of foliar late blight reaction increases the efficiency of early generation by allowing the breeder to quickly remove susceptible clones before further time and resources are invested. WI used S. demissum, S. stoloniferum, S. tuberosum ssp. Andigena, and potato-S. bulbocastanum somatic hybrids for LB resistance.
Fungicide x variety interactions: Experiments were carried out in MI to evaluate combining host resistance with reduced rates and frequencies of fungicide fluazinam to control foliar potato late blight. The study demonstrates that potato cvs./ABL with reduced susceptibility to late blight can be managed with reduced fungicide rates and longer application intervals, thus offering a less expensive option for potato late blight control.
Verticillium wilt and early dying: Early generation selection for resistance to Verticillium wilt would allow for faster progress in breeding for this trait. Studies are being completed to determine whether seedlings or first generation tubers can be used to identify resistant clones. In addition, real-time PCR is being tested as a method to identify resistant clones. In MI, Potato Early-Die Disease Complex (PED) was studied on 24 lines. MSH095-4, FL1879 and W1201 exhibited significant tolerance.
Common Scab: A national study indicated that resistance response of clones varies considerably over environments and evaluation at multiple sites is important for identifying clones with stable disease phenotypes. EGS evaluation was initiated at MI and WI and includes field and lab-based assays. Hybrid seedlings evaluated increases annually and EGS coupled with cultural practices resulted in about 20% of the WI lines showing very good resistance.
Colorado potato beetle: Insecticide resistance to imidacloprid, appeared for the first time in the Midwest; increasing the likelihood of widespread insecticide failures in future. EGS evaluation of foliar resistance to CPB was conducted throughout the region. MI continues traditionally bred and genetically engineered resistant to CPB. Defoliation was near zero and no CPB larvae survived in field cage studies on lines engineered with Cry3A Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) as a resistance factor. Lines with Cry1IA1 Bt, bred for resistance to potato tuberworm, reduced defoliation by CPB by >50%. avidin as a resistance factor decreased CPB feeding. Traditionally bred lines showed moderate levels of resistance.
Viruses and Aphids: Host resistance for PVY revealed the highly heritable nature of PVY asymptomatic (ASM) expression, the existence of ASM gene(s) in both 2x and 4x potatoes, and ability to transmit these gene(s) by n and 2n gametes. PLRV resistance was found in 16 families. Significant location differences emphasized the inability to select for PLRV resistance without a post-harvest storage interval. Studying aphid behavior is critical to decreasing agro-chemical use promoting sustainable farming. Results have facilitated reduced insecticidal use by site-specific application, new knowledge on the epidemiology of potato viruses and expanded host range of green peach aphid to soybean, and geographical/environmental/meteorological influence on aphid population dispersal. MN has identified 20 clones that consistently express field resistance to PVY and PLRV; PVY resistance protect against all PVY strains known to occur in Minnesota (PVYO, PVYN, PVYNTN, and PVY O:N recombinants). Of the 20 PVY and PLRV resistant lines, one (designated JAD24) has shown resistance to both green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) and potato aphid (Macrosiphum euphorbiae). Line JAD24 was identified as containing both Ryadg and Rysto as well as PLRV.1, a marker for PLRV resistance. JAD24 lacks the Mi gene from Lycopersicon esculentum but contains markers for Potato virus S and Globodera pallida resistance. JAD24 has been crossed with cv. Chieftain to produce an F1 population, designated HPR, and 100 of 300 seeds have been grown out.
Bacterial ring rot: Foliar symptoms of BRR, were present in all 23 inoculated selections by 90 DAP, except MI selection JACQUELINE LEE, which failed to display characteristic foliar symptoms of BRR. Remaining selections exhibited characteristic tuber and foliar symptoms.
Cold sweetening resistance: The inheritance and predictability of two biological markers to identify clones with potential to resist cold sweetening (CS) by evaluating A-I and/or A-II isozymes of UGPase established that based on the correlation of chip color score with isozyme profiles and BAcInv activity, the families could be grouped into the following four distinct classes. The primary factor predicting resistance was the level of BAcInv activity. In EGS the optimum sample size of one slice from one tuber reduces type I errors, discarding clones that should be retained. EGS for CS resistance resulted in greatest genetic gain from 4x-4x crosses. However, significant improvement for CS, coupled with disease resistance resulted from 2x potato species. Two species, S. raphanifolium and S. sparsipilum, had CS ability and late blight resistance; 232 clones were selected from these species crosses.
Cultural management and N utilization: MI determined variety response to four nitrogen levels at moderate-high plant densities. Variety determined yield and tuber quality response showed highly significant interactions with nitrogen and density. Consistently low yields resulted from application of slow-release fertilizer at the 180 lb N/acre, however this was the most environmentally-friendly treatment associated with the lowest level of residual nitrate-N in the soil profile after harvest. The poultry manure + fertilizer treatment was the best economic option in terms of optimizing both yield and reduced soil profile nitrate-N. The highest yield response of chipping genotypes was from UEC and MSJ461-1; tablestock genotype Michigan Purple showed high yield potential across all management regimes evaluated. Overall, clones differed in N response and less N will be recommended in production practices.
Twenty-four novel sexual diploid and triploid inter-series hybrids were generated from wild species crosses by using post-pollination applications of auxin and embryo rescue in vitro representing the first step in overcoming post-zygotic reproductive barriers among isolated species. Transgenic approaches offer breeders opportunity to combine novel traits or resistance mechanisms that may not be possible through conventional approaches. MI has obtained the RB gene from Dr. Jiang and transformations introduced this gene in susceptible and resistant lines for LB resistance. Along with these transformations, we are exploring transformation strategies to create marker-free transgenic plants.
Impact Statements:
- The four potato breeding programs in the North Central US develop cultivars for the range of climatic and soil conditions within the region. These research programs have developed 5 of the 10 leading cultivars grown in the US. New cultivars, coupled with appropriate disease management strategies and enhanced market quality traits, have helped to improve the regions status and importance to the chip-processing, frozen-processing, and tablestock market segments.
- Research to minimize pesticide use, efficient utilization of fertilizer and water inputs, protection of water resources, and maintenance or improvement of potato quality will improve the economics of regional potato production.
- This project addresses host plant resistance for control of both insects and diseases, such that pest control costs can be significantly reduced, production management strategies may be simplified, and environmental benefits realized.
- For the processing market (chip and frozen French fries), cultivars resistant to the accumulation of sugars when stored at cold temperatures (38-42ºF) are being accomplished to extended storage capabilities and reduce storage losses.
- Improvement of potato through breeding is challenged by tetrasomic inheritance and asexual propagation. The development of breeding principles and practices are quite different than the majority of crop plants that are diploid and seed propagated. This project expands the genetic base of the cultivated potato by incorporating wild potato species in breeding and employing novel breeding techniques to move these species genetic variation into the cultivated gene pool.
- Important advances in potato genetics have emerged from this region. Notable efforts include development of breeding strategies enabling the utilization of the genetic diversity available in the Solanum species, germplasm collection, systematics, genetic mapping of important traits, integration of transgenic approaches in genetic improvement, and genetic understanding of numerous resistance and quality traits of potato, such as late blight, Verticillium wilt, Erwinia soft rot, Colorado potato beetle (CPB) and cold-sweetening resistance.
Date of Annual Report: 02/06/2007
Report Information:
Participants:
- Bae, JinJoo, University of Wisconsin jbae@wisc.edu
- Bamberg, John, USDA/ARS/USPG WR6JB@ARS-GRIN.GOV
- Bizimungu, Benoit AAFC-Lethbridge, AB Canada BizimunguB@agr.gc.ca
- Coombs, Joe Michigan State University coombs@msu.edu
- De Jong, Walter Cornell University wsdz@cornell.edu
- Del Rio, Alfonso University of Wisconsin ADELRIOC@WISC.EDU
- Douches, Dave Michigan State University douches@msu.edu
- Estelle, Jay University of Wisconsin Estelle@msu.edu
- Hamernik, Andy University of Wisconsin hamernik@wisc.edu
- Hawkins, Gary McCain grhawkin@mccain.ca
- Jansky, Shelly USDA, ARS, Madison, WI shjansky@wisc.edu
- Kostichka, Chuck University of Wisconsin cjkostic@wisc.edu
- Martin, Max USDA/ARS, Madison, WI MWMART1@WISC.EDU
- McCann, Leah University of Wisconsin Lcmclann@wisc.edu
- Michaels, Tom University of Minnesota MICHAELS@UMN.EDU
- Navarro, Felix University of Wisconsin fmnavarro@wisc.edu
- Palta, Jiwan University of Wisconsin jppalta@wisc.edu
- Rodríguez, Flor University of Wisconsin fdrodriguez@wisc.edu
- Rosenthal, Sarah University of Wisconsin SROSENTHAL@WISC.EDU
- Thill, Christian University of Minnesota Thill005@UMN.edu
- Thompson, Susie North Dakota State University asunta.thompson@ndsu.edu
Brief Summary of Minutes of Annual Meeting:
The 37th annual meeting of the NCCC84 was held at the Best Western OHare in Rosemont, Illinois, on December 5-6, 2006. Shelly Jansky chaired the meeting.Shelly Jansky called the meeting to order on December 5 at 1:00 p.m. and welcomed participants. Attendees introduced themselves. Shelly announced that a conference room fee of $200.00 will have to be paid if the numbers of participants staying at the hotel was less than 20.
The meeting agenda was presented. It was suggested presenting the reports dealing with breeding activities on the first day, and those dealing with genetic studies and graduate students presentations on the next day. A motion was made by Chuck Kostichka and seconded by Dave Douches to accept the minutes from the 2005 meeting.
Tom Michaels, administrative advisor, presented and commented on a paper titled A history of formula funds and competitive grants from the NCRA Regional Update for Administrative Advisors. He also commented on the impacts of Farm Bill on funding breeding research in relation to University funding. Details on the paper can be found on website
John Bamberg presented an update of NRSP-6. He indicated that at the last committee meeting in the summer, a need was expressed to expand the representation of the group. He also indicated plans to get more data into the database. The declining budget of the gene bank was also discussed. Reports were presented from individual states (see Abbreviated State Reports of the NCCC84 Committee ).
Christian Thill indicated that a hard copy or an electronic version of the North Central Regional Potato Trials will be sent out after data compilation is completed. There was no need to present a detailed report since individual breeders talked about results at their respective test sites in their reports. The feasibility of adopting a website accessible database system for the NCR regional trials was also discussed.
Christian Thill suggested drawing on the existing expertise within the region to develop a NCR Potato Breeding Training Institute for foreign trainees. The idea was discussed and it was suggested to work with international students offices in order to explore opportunities.
The next meeting will be held at the site to be determined by the chair. It was suggested trying tagging along with growers meetings, but the convenience of location (proximity to airport) needs to be taken into consideration.
David Douches was nominated and unanimously elected to serve as Secretary for the 2007 meeting.
The officers for 2007 are: Chair: Jiwan Palta, Wisconsin; Vice-Chair- Benoit Bizimungu, Alberta; Secretary- David Douches, Michigan.
Participants commended Christian Thill and Glenn Martin for coordinating the NCRPVT trials.
The meeting was adjourned on December 6 at 1:45 p.m.
Availability of potato germplasm is important to the progress of basic research and breeding. The genebank at Sturgeon Bay, in cooperation with worldwide collaborators, filled this need by providing viable, disease free stocks in a timely manner, and further evaluating and documenting valuable traits. A total of 223 accessions were increased as botanical seed populations. About 600 potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) tests were performed on seed increase parents, seedlots and research materials. Germination tests were performed on 1,307 accessions, ploidy determinations were made on 40 accessions, and tetrazolium seed viability tests were done on 31 seedlots. Nearly 6,353 units of germplasm were distributed to US and foreign requesters. These stocks certainly will be an important component of the foundation of future scientific knowledge about potato, and its use, and will contribute directly to new cultivars with a positive nutritional and economic impact on U.S. farmers and consumers. Germplasm in a genebank becomes more valuable when it is characterized. With various national and international collaborators, we tested germplasm for disease, pest, and stress resistance, and conducted DNA-based analyses to assure that the genetic diversity is being optimally collected and maintained (both in the wild and in the genebank). Thus, we now have better insights into the best materials for breeding and the best techniques for maximizing technical efficiency in the genebank.
In the past year breeding at MSU focused on late blight resistance, scab resistance, insect resistance and chip-processing quality. About 40,000 seedlings were evaluated as single hills and about 2000 selections made to continue to evaluate in the program. 10 lines that have chip-processing quality combined with either scab or late blight resistance were advanced. These lines were tested in commercial fields and storages along with our research fields and facilities at MSU. Based on 2006 data, we are now moving forward with 5 lines to evaluate on a commercial scale. The commercialization of Beacon Chipper is proceeding with Maine involved too. The Colorado potato beetle nursery identified advanced lines and also wild accessions with foliar resistance. These will be further tested in 2007. A new scab nursery allowed expanded evaluation of breeding material in the early generation phase of the breeding program. Late blight trials in 2006 were flooded out and no data was collected. Promotion of the newly released red variety Villetta Rose by name was conducted at WI with the use of 20,000 quicklocks on which it appears the name of this variety and instructions for cooking. The on-farm testing of WI varieties was continued with the involvement of sixteen growers including seed and fresh market growers and two processing companies. 466 cwt of seed of elite lines were produced to support on-farm 2007 growers evaluation. The number of researchers that tested WI varieties in the US and Canada increased to 35. Five advanced lines from WI (three chipping: W2133-1, W2310-3, W2324-1, and two russets: W1879-1rus and W2683-2rus) were included evaluated in the NCRT of 2006 along with advanced selections from MI, MN, ND and Canada. These lines were characterized for: yield and adaptation, internal and external quality, bacterial ring rot, and virus expression (essential for seed certification). WI interchanged 35,000 tubers with North Dakota, Minnesota, Maine, Idaho, Colorado and Alberta. A significant cooperation was initiated with Potato Specialist Eugenia Banks, from OMAFRA, Canada to evaluate breeding lines of intermediate stages of selection in ON. WI established a significant cooperation with the East Grand Forks Potato Worksite, a federal lab that serves potato breeders and researchers.
In a Verticillium wilt trial at WI, 64 clones from 10 U.S. breeding programs were evaluated for resistance to V. dahliae. Preliminary results indicate that several clones have at least moderate resistance. A real-time PCR assay has been developed for the quantification of V. dahliae in stem tissue. Advanced and elite lines were characterized for scab resistance, early dying, early blight, fresh market and processing quality traits (internal and external defects, specific gravity, chip color). Collaboration with the MI and OR programs continues to evaluate breeding lines for late blight resistance.
A taste panel evaluated baked potato flavor in 13 varieties grown at 4 locations. Differences among varieties and locations were detected for texture. An antioxidant study identified differences among clones, production environments, and storage treatments.
URL: Copy of minutes
Accomplishments:
This research emphasizes the development and evaluation of potato cultivars and germplasm with improved yield, quality, and disease resistance. In the North Central region in 2006, over 400,000 new hybrid seedlings were evaluated. These seedlings represent thousands of unique families. The evaluation of large numbers of seedlings increases opportunities for identifying superior clones for variety development Impact Statements: